Harvard Referencing System

Harvard Referencing Quick Guide

What is referencing?

Referencing is a system used in the academic community to indicate where ideas, theories, quotes,

facts and any other evidence and information used to undertake an assignment, can be found.

Why do I need to reference my work?

• To avoid plagiarism, a form of academic theft.
• Referencing your work correctly ensures that you give appropriate credit to the sources and authors that you have used to complete your assignment.

•  Referencing the sources that you have used for your assignment demonstrates that you have undertaken wide-ranging research in order to create your work.

• Referencing your work enables the reader to consult for themselves the same materials that you used.

What do I need to reference?

All the information that you have used in your assignment will need to be acknowledged. It is

essential to make a note of all the details of the sources that you use for your assignment as you go

along.

Include the following information. 
The order is:

1. Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book.

2. Year of publication (in brackets)

3. Title: subtitle (if any), italics, in bold or underlined. The examples given are in italics.

4. Series (if any).

5. Edition if not the first.

6. Place of publication (city not the country) if known, (if there is more than one place,

use the first one on the list.)

7. Publisher.

1. Single author

In text:

(Jobber, 2007, p.18) or …according to Jobber (2007, p.18)

Reference list/bibliography:

Jobber, D. (2007) Principles and practice of marketing. 5th edition. London: McGraw Hill.

Type of resource	Format	Bibliography  example	In text example
Book (1 author)	FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised or  underlined.  Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: publisher	NEVILLE, C. (2010) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism . 2nd Ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.	Neville (2010) argues that... “Quotation ” (Neville, 2010, p.76)
Book (2 to 3 authors)	FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials., FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. and FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised or  underlined.  Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.	BRADBURY, I., BOYLE, J. and MORSE, A. (2002) Scientific Principles for Physical Geographers.  Harlow: Prentice Hall. Note : Use either “and” or “&” between authors’ names as dictated by the book’s own presentation.	Bradbury, Boyle and Morse (2002)... As noted by Bradbury, Boyle and Morse (2002) “Quotation ” (Bradbury, Boyle and Morse, 2002, p.51)
Book (4 or more authors)	It is discretionary as to whether you list all authors and also whether you use ‘et al.’ or ‘and others’ as below: FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. et al. or and others. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised or  underlined.  Series title and volume if applicable. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.	CAMPBELL, N. A. et al. (2008) Biology . 8th  Ed. London: Pearson.	(Campbell et al., 2008).... “Quotation” (Campbell et al., p.76)
Book (Editor/s)	FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) – in brackets for editor(s). (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised or  underlined.  Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.	FONTANA-GIUSTI, G. (ed.) (2008) Designing Cities for People: Social, Environmental and Psychological Sustainability . London: Earthscan.	(Fontana-Giusti, 2008)
E-Book	FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised or  underlined.  [Online] Series title and volume if applicable. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from – URL. [Accessed: date].	SADLER, P. (2003) Strategic Management . [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/reader/. [Accessed: 6th  May 2012].	Sadler (2003) argues that........ “Quotation ” (Sadler, 2003, p.18)
Films [DVD], [VHS], [Blu-ray Disc]	Title - in italics or underlined. (Year of distribution in brackets) Material type. Directed by – name of director(s). [Format of source in square brackets] Place of distribution: Distribution company.	Chicken Run. (2000) Animated Film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: Pathe Distribution.  Requiem for a Dream. (2000) Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD] UK: Momentum Pictures.	If you refer to a film in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics: ...the animation movement (Chicken Run , 2000) ...this is highlighted by Harry’s character in the film Requiem for a Dream  (2000).
Journal article (electronic/online)	If you are referencing a journal from an online database service which is password accessible only i.e. EBSCO you can shorten the URL to the home page of the database service. If you are accessing a journal article directly and for free from the internet, you will need the entire URL. Author(s) of article’s FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Title of article. Title of journal - italicised or  underlined.  [Online in square brackets] Name of Database the article is from if appropriate. Volume number (Part number/month in brackets). p. followed by the page numbers of the article. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by the date viewed in square brackets].	WILSON, J. (1995) Enter the Cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace. Library Review.  [Online] Emerald Database 44 (8). p.63-72. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com. [Accessed: 30th  January 2012].	Wilson (1995) argues that..... “Quotation ” (Wilson, 1995, p.66)
Journal article (printed)	Author(s) of article’s FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Title of article. Title of journal - italicised or  underlined.  Volume number (Part number/month in brackets). p. followed by the page numbers of the article.	TREFTS, K. & BLACKSEE, S. (2000) Did you hear the one about Boolean Operators? Incorporating comedy into the library induction. Reference Services Review . 28 (4). p.369-378.	Trefts and Blacksee (2000) argue that.... “Quotation ” (Trefts and Blacksee, 2000, p.376)
Newspaper (online)	Author(s) of article’s FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Title of article. Title of Newspaper - italicised or  underlined.  [Online in square brackets] Name of Database article is from if appropriate. Day and month of the article. Page number of the article if applicable. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by the date viewed in square brackets].	RANDERSON, J. (2008) Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian . [Online] 26th  February. p.14. Available from: http://theguardian.co.uk. [Accessed: 22nd  May 2012].	Randerson (2008) argues that..... “Quotation ” (Randerson, 2008, p.14
Website	Author of website FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials or WEBSITE name if no author is available. (Year - in brackets) Title of website in italics or underlined.  Any numbers if necessary or available if website is part of a series. [Online in square brackets] Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].	BBC NEWS. (2008) Factory gloom worst since 1980.  [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569.st m. [Accessed: 19th  June 2012].	…as reported by the BBC (2008) “Quotation” (BBC, 2008)